This is the chest xray of an individual with COPD. The radiograph shows a flattened hemidiaphragms and decreased vascular markings from hyperinflation as a result of air trapping in a patient with COPD. The inflammatory process leads to obstruction and later fibrosis of small airways and the destruction of lung parenchyma. Circulating inflammatory mediators may contribute to muscle wasting and cachexia and worsen comorbidities such as heart failure and diabetes. Smoking cessation should be strongly and repeatedly encouraged. Progressive exercise should also be encouraged, activities that brace the arms and allow use of accessory muscles of respiration are better tolerated—these include pushing a cart, walker, or wheelchair, and use of a treadmill.
Usatine RP, Smith MA, Chumley HS, Mayeaux EJ, Jr.. Chapter 56. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. In: Usatine RP, Smith MA, Chumley HS, Mayeaux EJ, Jr.. eds. The Color Atlas of Family Medicine, 2e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2013. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/content.aspx?bookid=685&Sectionid=45361100. Accessed March 7, 2015.
This is the chest xray of an individual with COPD. The radiograph shows a flattened hemidiaphragms and decreased vascular markings from hyperinflation as a result of air trapping in a patient with COPD. The inflammatory process leads to obstruction and later fibrosis of small airways and the destruction of lung parenchyma. Circulating inflammatory mediators may contribute to muscle wasting and cachexia and worsen comorbidities such as heart failure and diabetes. Smoking cessation should be strongly and repeatedly encouraged. Progressive exercise should also be encouraged, activities that brace the arms and allow use of accessory muscles of respiration are better tolerated—these include pushing a cart, walker, or wheelchair, and use of a treadmill.
ReplyDeleteUsatine RP, Smith MA, Chumley HS, Mayeaux EJ, Jr.. Chapter 56. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. In: Usatine RP, Smith MA, Chumley HS, Mayeaux EJ, Jr.. eds. The Color Atlas of Family Medicine, 2e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2013. http://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/content.aspx?bookid=685&Sectionid=45361100. Accessed March 7, 2015.